The Battle of Badr
A detailed description of the historic Battle of Badr by Allama Shibli Naumani.
http://www.geocities.com/badr_313/

Brief History of Compilation of the Qur'an
A short account of how the Qur'an was preserved and compiled, and the addition of diacritical marks.
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/compilationbrief.html

The Four Righteous Caliphs
A history of the first four caliphs to rule after the death of Muhammad, until the rise to power of the Umayyad dynasty. Includes a map.
http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/right.htm

Islamic History from 570 to 1000
Excerpts from "A Chronolgy of Islamic History: 570-1000 CE" by H.U. Rahman, covering the period to Abu Bakr's military expedition to Syria and Palestine in 633.
http://www.angelfire.com/ny/dawahpage/hist.html

Medieval Sourcebook: Accounts of The Arab Conquest of Egypt, 642
A Coptic account from "The History of The Patriarchs of Alexandria", and an Arab account from Al-Baladhuri's "The Conquest of Alexandria".
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/642Egypt-conq2.html

Medieval Sourcebook: Pact of Umar, 7th Century
Supposed to have been the peace accord offered by the Caliph Umar to the Christians of Syria; it formed the pattern of later management of the status of non-Muslims.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html

Restatement of History of Islam and Muslims
An online book by Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy presents the Shia interpretation of early Islam, from 570 to 661 CE, as a movement launched by the Prophet Muhammad, consummated with the support of his vicegerent 'Ali ibn Abi Talib.
http://al-islam.org/restatement/

The Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Explains the Muslim concept of Caliph, and profiles the first four who succeeded the Prophet Muhammad; known as The Rightly-Guided Caliphs.
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/politics/firstfourcaliphs.html